Eukaryotic cells share many similarities | basics about Eukaryotic cell

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⭕#Key_Concept_Eukaryotic_cells_share_many_similarities⭕

⭕Cells have boundaries⭕

⭕#The_Plasma_Membrane⭕

➡Forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment

➡Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell

➡Helps to maintain homeostasis

➡The plasma membrane is selectively permeable

➡allows some, but not all materials to cross

⚫Structure of the Plasma Membrane⚫

➡Composed of a phospholipid bilayer

⚫Other components in the Plasma Membrane⚫

#Proteins

➡some span the entire membrane and help materials cross

➡others are found on the inner and outer surface _ anchoring

#Cholesterol 

➡strengthen the membrane

#Carbohydrates 

➡cell identification

⚫The Plasma membrane is referred as the fluid mosaic model⚫

➡Fluid - flexible

➡Mosaic - pattern

⭕#The_Cell_Wall⭕

➡A rigid structure located just outside of the plasma membrane

➡Found in plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists

➡Provides protection and support

➡It is not selectively permeable

➡In plants, it is composed of cellulose

⭕Cells have an internal structure⭕

⭕#The_Cytoskeleton⭕

➡A network of protein fibers that crisscross the entire cell

➡Three types of fibers

a) Microtubules

b) Intermediate filaments

c) Microfilaments

⭕The cytoskeleton has many functions⭕

➡supports and shapes cell

➡helps position and transport organelles

provides strength

➡assists in cell division

➡aids in cell movement

⭕#The_Cytoplasm⭕

➡Fills the space between the nucleus and cell membrane

➡Consists of organelles and cytosol(mostly water)

⭕Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins⭕

⭕#The_Nucleus⭕

➡Storehouse of DNA

➡Surrounded by a nuclear

membrane

➡Nuclear pores allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

➡The nucleolus is where ribosomes are produced

⭕#The_Endoplasmic_Reticulum⭕

➡An interconnected network of folded membranes

➡Important in synthesis and transport of cellular materials

➡Two types – Rough ER and Smooth ER

⭕Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum⭕

➡Has ribosomes attached

➡Proteins are made by the ribosomes on the

surface, and then move inside the rough ER

to be packaged into a

vesicle

➡The vesicle then takes the protein to the Golgi Apparatus

⭕#Ribosomes⭕

➡The site of protein synthesis

➡Can be found attached to Rough ER or free in the cytoplasm

⭕Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum⭕

➡No ribosomes attached

➡Produces lipids

➡Detoxification of drugs and poisons

⭕#The_Golgi_Apparatus⭕

➡Closely layered stacks of membrane – enclosed spaces

➡Modifies, packages, and transports proteins

➡The vesicles can then be stored, transported, or secreted

⭕Some organelles transform energy in the cell⭕

⭕#Mitochondria⭕

➡Bean shaped organelle with a double membrane

➡Produces ATP through cellular respiration

➡The cell uses the ATP for energy

➡Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and DNA

➡C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

⭕#The_Chloroplast⭕

➡Organelles that carry out photosynthesis

➡Found in plant cells

➡Has two membranes

➡Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light and gives plants their green

color

➡Also have their own DNA and ribosomes

➡6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

⭕Other organelles have various functions⭕

⭕#Vacuoles⭕

➡A membrane bound sac used for storage

#Ex: water, food molecules, and enzymes

➡Plant cells have one large vacuole

➡Animal cells have many small vacuoles

⭕#The_Lysosome⭕

➡Membrane bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes

➡Digests worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria

➡Numerous in animal cells

➡Their presence in plant cells is still questioned by some scientists

⭕#Centrosome_and_Centrioles⭕

➡The centrosome is a small region of the cytoplasm that produces microtubules

➡In animals, it contains a pair of centrioles

➡Centrioles help DNA divide during cell division

⭕#Cilia⭕

➡Short, numerous hair-like projections

➡Move in a wave-like motion

➡Used for feeding and locomotion

⭕#Flagella⭕

➡Long projection

➡Moves in a whip-like motion

➡Used for locomotion..

#WrittenByNoorSheikh

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